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The ''Code noir'' ((:kɔd nwaʁ), ''Black Code'') was a decree originally passed by France's King Louis XIV in 1685. The ''Code Noir'' defined the conditions of slavery in the French colonial empire, restricted the activities of free Negroes, forbade the exercise of any religion other than Roman Catholicism, and ordered all Jews out of France's colonies. The ''Code Noir'' gave unparalleled rights to slaves. It includes the right to marry, to gather publicly and to take Sundays off. Although the ''Code Noir'' authorized and codified cruel corporal punishment against slaves under certain conditions, it forbade slave owners to torture them or to separate families. It also forced the owners to instruct them in the Catholic faith, implying that Africans were human beings endowed with a soul. It resulted in a far higher percentage of blacks being free people of color (13.2% in Louisiana compared to 0.8% in Mississippi〔Rodney Stark, "For the Glory of God: How Monotheism Led to Reformations, Science, Witch-hunts, and the End of Slavery", p.322 () Note that the original hardcover contained a typographical error stating "31.2 percent"; this was corrected in the paperback edition to 13.2. This is confirmed by examination of the 1830 census.〕) They were on average exceptionally literate, with a significant number of them owning businesses, properties and even slaves.〔(Samantha Cook,Sarah Hull, "The Rough Guide to the USA" )〕〔(Terry L. Jones, "The Louisiana Journey", p.115 )〕 The code has been described by Tyler Stovall as "one of the most extensive official documents on race, slavery, and freedom ever drawn up in Europe".〔Stovall, p. 205.〕 ==Origins== In his 1987 analysis of the ''Code Noirs significance, Louis Sala-Molins claimed that its two primary objectives were to assert French sovereignty in her colonies and to secure the future of the cane sugar plantation economy. Central to these goals was control of the slave trade. The Code aimed to provide a legal framework for slavery, to establish protocols governing the conditions of colonial inhabitants, and to end the illegal slave trade. Religious morals also governed the crafting of the ''Code Noir''; it was in part a result of the influence of the influx of Catholic leaders arriving in Martinique between 1673 and 1685. The ''Code Noir'' was one of the many laws inspired by Jean-Baptiste Colbert, who began to prepare the first (1685) version. After Colbert's 1683 death, his son, the Marquis de Seignelay, completed the document. It was ratified by Louis XIV and adopted by the Saint-Domingue sovereign council in 1687 after it was rejected by the parliament. It then was applied in the West Indies in 1687, Guyana in 1704, Réunion in 1723, and Louisiana in 1724. The second version of the code was passed by Louis XV at age 13 in 1724. In Canada, slavery received legal foundation from the King from 1689-1709. The ''Code Noir'' was not intended for or applied in New France's Canadian colony. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Code Noir」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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